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Of course, a lot of things happened in 1846: Sir Robert Peel’s conservative government came to an end after passing legislation to repeal the corn laws and the potato famine started in Ireland.

“We apprehend there can be no doubt that the year 1846 will be memorable to the end of time for the remarkable extension or new application of human knowledge, which will come before future historians as rendering illustrious its narrow limits. Most evident is it that we are now living in the days predicted by the Hebrew propphet when ‘many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased.’

1 Foremost among these may be placed the use of ether, inhaled for facilitating surgical operations. Like all other applicances of this kind, it meets with failures, and even with evil results in a few cases. But for one fatal result and five failures, we have five hundred instances of vast benefit; in many of which, beyond all doubt, lives have been saved which would otherwise been lost. Without describing it as infallible, or in all cases safe of to be relied on, there can be no doubt that this discovery has conferred benefits on mankind.

2 The substitution of a new explosive material, the gun-cotton, is another remarkable event. The extent of its utility is not yet ascertained. Whether it will be largely adopted in warfare, is still a point on which no decided opinion has been formed; but of its great utility in all blasting and mining operations, not the slightest doubt can exist. It is both cheaper and more powerful than gunpowder; and the absence of smoke gives it a decisive advantage. There can remain no question that in all works of this description the new agent will rapidly supersede the old one.

3 The third discovery of 1846 is perhaps even of greater importance than either of the former. We allude to the lately patented process for smelting copper by means of electricity. The effect of this change will be quite prodigious. It produces in less than two days what the old process required three weeks to effect. And the saving of fuel is so vast that in Swansea alone the smelters estimate their annual saving in coals at no less than five hundred thousand pounds! Hence it is clear that the price of copper must be so enormously reduced as to bring it into use for a variety of purposes from which its cost at present excludes it. The facility and cheapness of the process too will enable the ore to be largely smelted on the spot. The Cornish mine-proprietors are anxiously expecting the moment when they can bring the ore which lay in the mine yesterday, into a state to be sent to market to-morrow, – and this at the very mouth of the mine. – In Australia also, the operation of this discovery will be of the utmost importance. Ten thousand tons of copper ore were sent from Australia to England last year, to be smelted at Swansea; and the result was only 1600 tons of copper. But Australia in future will smelt her own copper, by a 36 hours’ process; saving all this useless freight of the 8400 tons of refuse, and saving also the cost of the old and expensive process In a very few years Australia will send to market more copper than is now produced by all the rest of the world. But if our future penny pieces are to bear any proportion to the reduced cost and value of the metal, they must be made the size of dinner plates.” – Cambridge Advertiser.

The Stamford Mercury, 23rd April, 1847.

The rebuilding of the palace of Westminster after a fire in 1834, took thirty years. Its new construction was designed and managed by Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin. This report is from the first session in the new House of Lords.

“HOUSE of LORDS, Thursday, April 15.

The Peers occupied their new apartments this evening for the first time, but no ceremony was observed on the occasion. There was a large gathering of some of Peers and members of the House of Commons at the foot of the throne; among them Lord John Russell appeared for a short time. His Lordship afterwards visited the galleries and the other parts of the House. In consequence of the immense extent of the hall, and its peculiarity of construction, the echo is so great that it is extremely difficult to hear distinctly in the gallery what is said in the body of the House.

Shortly after the Lord Chancellor had taken his seat on the Woolsack, Lord Campbell rose for the purpose of addressing the House. His lordship, however, was by an accident deprived of the honour of being the first person to bring forward any business in the new House, for before he could commence his address, the Usher of the Black Rod announced a message from the House of Commons; whereupon Mr. Green and other members were called in and brought up several bills. This was the first public business transacted in the new House.”

The Stamford Mercury, 23rd April, 1847.

You might have thought that the first decimal coins in the UK were the 5p or 10p coins (which were, of course equvalent to the old shilling and florin, respectively) introduced in anticipation of ‘decimal day’ in 1971. However a victorian florin was produced in 1846, which bore the phrase ‘one tenth of a pound’.

“-Dr. Bowring moved that the adoption of a decimal system of coinage currency and account would be a great public convenience, and that an address be presented to her Majesty, requesting the value of two shillings, being a tenth of a pound, and twopence two-fifths, being the hundreth part of a pound – such coins to be called Queens and Victorias, or any other name which to her Majesty seemed best. – Mr. Hume supported the motion. – The Chancellor of the Exchequer thought the prejudices of the People in favour of the currency to which they had been accustomed were too strong to introduce with effect all the changes proposed by the Hon. Gentleman. He had no objection, however, to striking ooff a two-shillling piece, which might accustom the public to the gradual introduction of the system proposed, by familiarising them to the use of one coin representing a decimal fraction of a pound sterling. He saw no necessity for an address to her Majesty on the subject, and would feel it incumbent on him, if the motion was pressed, to move the previous question. – Mr. Stafford O’Brien congratulated Dr. Bowring on the parial success whch was likely to attend his wefforts – Mr. Sheil thought that the system proposed could be gradually and advantageously adopted, and that the difficulties in the way could soon be oversome. – Sir G. Clerk feared that the issue of a two-shilling piece might give rise to frauds, from the close resemblance which it must necessarily bear to the half-crown – Dr. Bowring, after what had fallen from the Chancellor of the Exchequer, withdrew his motion, satisfied that the Government would soon take the matter entirely into its own hands, when it would find itself well sustained by the good sense of the country.”

The Stamford Mercury, 30th April, 1847.

Wife selling, out of fashion now, very popular in the past. Here are a few more articles on how to sell wife (see previous posts). When you can be so easily satisfied by some beer, brewers and pub owners must have been laughing all the way to the bank.

Selling a wife.–This barbarous occurrence actually took place in Merthyr Tydvil a few days ago between a workman of the Cyfarthfa Ironworks and another. The price for which the workman sold his wife was 3l. ; 2l. 16s. in cash and 16s. worth of beer, the latter to be drunk by the principal parties to the transaction. The husband seemed very well satisfied that he had not only got rid of his wife but also gained something in the bargain. As for the woman, she exhibited few symptoms of either shame or sorrow, and drunk her share of the beer.’

Stamford Mercury, 27 March 1863.

A bit like our fax machines, this telegraph could send letters miles in a few minutes.

“An opportunity was afforded us on Saturday (says the Standard) of witnessing the practical application of Mr. Brett’s electric printing telegraph, at the office of the company in Parliament-street. This telegraph has for some time past been regularly worked in America, communications having been regularly made by it between Philadelphia and Pittsburg, a distance of 300 miles, with the most extraordinary accuracy and celerity. It is stated that the message of the Governor to the Legislature of New York, delivered in Albany on the 7th January, consisting of two columns and a half of solid nonpareil type (the kind of type in which the police records in this paper are printed), was published in the city of New York two hours after its delivery, having been transmitted sentence by sentence by the telegraph in question. The apparatus is as follows:- -At one extremity of the line is fixed a small box containing a row of keys (similar to those of a pianoforte), and marked with the letters of the alphabet, which is connected by a single wire to a printing machine at the other extremity, containing a wheel, having on its circumferences corresponding letters of the type wheel prints, and the alarm-bell rings at the other. The communications are printed on a scroll of paper of unlimited length, from which any portion of the correspondence may be cut off at pleasure. The experiments on Saturday last were very satisfactory; and proof was given that between 80 and 90 letters could be impressed with ease in a single minute upon the recipient paper, while the consecutive letters of the alphabet were even taken down in so short a time as eleven seconds! The appearance of the typography is clean, but the lines are slightly irregular. It is, however, beautifully clear and legible, and whatever defects there may be on the score of symmetry may, no doubt, be easily removed by a little mechanical consideration. The advantages which this telegraph enjoys over all others are too obvious to need mentioning. Correspondence can be transmitted from place to place, no matter the extent of distance, copies of which may be simultaneously secured at all the intermediate stations, and printed news thus fly over the surface of the land with the incomprehensible velocity of lightening.

In a letter addressed to Sir Robert Peel, in July 1845, by Mr. Brett, the attention of the Government was invited to the following proposals: – 1st. The immediate communication of orders and dispatches to all parts of the empire, and the instant return of answers to the same from the seats of local government, &c., all delivered in an unerring and printed form. 2d. A general telegraphic post-office system, uniting the chief and branch offices in London in connexion with all the offices throughout the kingdom, for transmitting messages of business, &c., from merchants, brokers, tradesmen, and police, military, and naval arrangements. That the invention contains within itself these and other advantages cannot for a moment be questioned; and it can hardly be doubted that, before long, the British public will more of less be in possession of them. Mr. Brett is likewise the originator and patentee of an oceanic line upon the same principle, which he affirms to be equally simple and practicable. – Times.”

The Stamford Mercury, 9th April, 1847.

A tradesman complains about being forced to vote against his wishes or face the consequences by Lord Exeter ‘s henchman. Such was the situation before the secret ballot was introduced in 1872.

The late MUNICIPAL ELECTION in STAMFORD.

“To the EDITOR of the MERCURY. Stamford Nov. 3.

Sir,

The result of the election for town Councillors on Monday last will probably elicit from your pen some remarks relative to the pusillanimity of those who wished for the success of the candidates whom they opposed; but it would be as well for you to take into consideration, and for the public to know, the circumstances in which such persons were placed. Writing anonymously (except that I entrust you with my name in confidence), I may say in print that which I dare not proclaim viva voce. Very likely you will pause at the expression dare; but such is the fact, – and it is better to admit the truth, than to attempt to gloss over a false position by an unavailing excuse. Take my own case. I am a tradesman occupying one of the Marquis of Exeter’s houses, and am doing a very good business: if I were to be turned out, the probability is that I should lose a portion of my custom, – a loss which I cannot well risk. Originally it was my intention to have voted for Mr. Hatfield, and the other gentlemen whose names were associatied with him as candidates, but from conversation with my neighbours who knew more of the confidential doings at Burghley than I did, I thought it prudent to decline voting at all, and had made up my mind to be neutral. I was, however, soon given to understand that neutrality is, in the eyes of Lord Exeter, as bad as opposition: I was informed that I must vote for all the ‘Reds,’ or a black mark would be place against my name in the tenant ledger. And so indeed I found it; as a few days before the elecction I was waited upon by a person from the Steward’s office, and canvassed for my votes. I stated plainly that I did not intend to vote at all; to which a rejoinder was given, ‘Very well, do as you please: I am commissioned to ask you for your vote, and if you refuse, you may guess the consequences from what took place after the last Parliamentary election.’ I felt the sting which this mandate conveyed, but remonstrance was out of the question; and though I refused at the time to yield, I subsequently deemed it prudent to comply. My case I know to be that of many others; hence I ask for a favourable consideration of the position in which we are placed. The misfortune is that there is no chance of ensuring unanimity among the tenants of the Marquis of Exeter: if all would agree to act independently, all would be safe from the tyranny which is exercised over us; but there are, I regret to say, in Stamford a number of undividuals who do not hesitate to perform the most grovelling acts, and lend themselves to purposed which are debasing to the character of Englishmen, in order to curry favour with their iron-willed landlord.

To what degree of subjugation we shall eventually come, it is difficult to opine. Lord Exeter is as orthodox in religion as he is enthusiastic in horse-racing; if he compels us to violate our consciences in one matter, we may expect that he will do so in another. ‘The Church and the Turf’ will probably be set up as our moral creed; and if we do not shout for the infallibility of the one, and the virtue of the other, – if we are ever caught in dissenting places of worship, or are found wanting at Stamford races, – we may expect that the threats with which we have just been terrified will be periodically renewed, and that disregard of them will be punished with loss of houses and withdrawal of custom. ‘Church’ and ‘Turf’ may be alike estimated by some people – if indeed the latter has not the preference; but I do hope that, however nimble a few individuals may be in leaping from the tight-laced bed of Methodism or Calvinism into the vagaries of the Turf, a united stand will ere long be made against the anti-tolerant spirit which at present crushes us and makes us feel we are not ‘men and brothers,’ but skulking abject slaves.

Your’s,

A DEPENDENT TRADESMAN.”

The Stamford Mercury, 5th November, 1847.

Mr Newton’s map scaler continued to cause further comments and arguments, particularly here about the point P.

“Mr. Editor, ………………………………………………….Wisbech, April 23d, 1824.

Permit me to drop a line or two for the use of your correspondent Viator*, who, from a paragraph of his in our paper of to-day, seems to have bewildered himself.

In commenting on Mr. I. Newton’s method of transferring maps, &c., Viator has nothing at all to urge against it. To what then, I would ask, do his observations amount? Why they may, in his opinion, serve to show that he is a critic; though, unlike Sterne’s critic, he perhaps may not have a ‘stop watch’ by which to aid or regulate his observations; for he makes no mention of it. But although Viator, forsooth, brings no argument against the correctness of facility of Mr. N.’s method, yet, he is pleased very confidently to assert that the point P may be assumed anywhere, either within or out of the given plan. Now this notion of Viator’s is so palpably absurd, as scarcely to need confuting. For if the point P were taken within the given plan, then it is obvious that the required plan would fall either partly or wholly within the given plan, thus rendering both plans entirely useless, by confounding or mingling them together. The same objection also applies when the point P is taken too near the given plan. Thus if any one of the sides A D of the parallelogram A D C B be produced at A, and P be taken in the part produced, then, in order to have, in each particular case of the problem, the given and required plans separate as they ought to be, the distance P A must not be less tha the side A D. And this is probably one of Mr. N.’s reasons for taking P below A B, at the given distance A D : since a less distance would have been improper, and a greater superfluous. Your’s, Veritas #.”

The Stamford Mercury, 7th May, 1824.

*latin for traveller.

*latin for truth.

Having seen the the letter from our correspondent ‘Isaac Newton‘ published on 16th, April 1824, a gentleman from Newark queried various aspects of the scaling method. This discussion was to carry on for several weeks, which is understandable for such a complex calculation. Here is a modern method.

“To the Editor.

Newark, April 17th, 1824.

On taking up your paper, I perceive a plan is given, under the signature of Isaac Newton, of a convenient mode of altering a plan from any one scale to another. It certainly may prove very convenient, but there does not appear any necessity for the bisection of the base line of the parallelogram, and the erection of a perpendicular equal to the base. The point P may be assumed any where, either in the plan or out of the plan to be altered, and by drawing lines from P to any objects in the plan, and extending them, a new set of similar triangles may be formed about P, which is in fact altering a plan from any one scale to another.

Your’s Viator.*”

The Stamford Mercury, 23rd April, 1824.

*latin for traveller.

The canal is now one of the busiest shipping routes in the world. It allows ships to travel between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean avoiding having to sail around the Cape of Good Hope, saving time and fuel.

“It is known that the Viceroy of Egypt has, for many years, cherished the hopes of seeing executed a means of transit for European commerce and correspondence between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, more efficient than the clumsy and inconvenient means at present used. This project, however, has been obstructed by causes arising out of the conflicting interests and reciprocal jealousies of the great European states. It was the object of Mehemet Ali to surmount these obstacles, by inducing the several Goverments to join in the execution of so grand an enterprise. In this, however, he failed. He then had recourse to the more promising expedient of trying to awaken the spirit of private enterprise among the great commercial and financial interests of Europe, and in this he seems to be at the point of success. The last dispatches from the Levant brought intelligence that the agents of a joint company, formed of capitalists and merchants of London, Paris, and Vienna, had arrived, or were en route for the theatre of the projected operations. Mr Stephenson represents the English interests; M. Talabot, the French; and M.Negrelli, engineer of the Vienna and Triest railway, the Austrian. The purpose of the colossal project is to cut a canal between Suez and the ancient Pelusium, following very nearly the course of the ancient canal, the traces of which still exist on the isthmus. The projected canal is to have width and depth sufficient to float a first-rate man-of-war.”

The Stamford Mercury, 22nd October, 1847.

The results of the general election of 1847 in Stamford were as follows:

Charles Manners (con) (The Marquis of Granby and heir to the Duke of Rutland of Belvoir castle)____________349 votes

John Charles Herries (con)______ 288 votes

John Rolt (con) ____________236 votes

The secret ballot was not introduced until 1872.

“On Wednesday, great excitement was produced in Stamford by the delivery to about 40 tenants of houses and other premises in the town held under the Marquis of Exeter, of notices to quit; the sole and avowed reason for the proceeding being that at the late election of representatives in Parliament for the borough the parties voted for Mr. Rolt, Q.C.. It has not, upon the present occasion, been an exemption from such a visitiation that the occupiers gave one vote to a nominee of the Marquis of Exeter; nor even that they did not vote at all at the election; if they did not support both the Marquis of Granby and Mr. Herries, they must quit their houses or other property held under the House of Burghley. And in some cases, widows and aged persons whose children or connections did not vote as Lord Exeter desired, are to be turned out of their dwellings; although (as in the case of Mrs. Hunt, widow of Wm. Hunt, Esq., of Ironmonger-street) the family have occupied the property for great part of a century. So stringent a rule of persecution has never before been exercised here, although Lord Exeter’s tenants have been familiar with strange courses by their landlord. It is said that the new and more unfeeling line of action is adopted on the urgent recommendation of two of three leading men of the Red Committee, who are emulous* of the esteem of their townsmen, and desire the comfort of a good conscience.”

The Stamford Mercury, 1st October, 1847.

*Seeking to emulate something or person.